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`!STELLA`! (short for `!Systems Thinking, Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation`!; also marketed as `!iThink`!) is a `F33f`_`[visual programming language`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Visual_programming_language]`_`f for `F33f`_`[system dynamics`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=System_dynamics]`_`f modeling introduced by `F33f`_`[Barry Richmond`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Barry_Richmond]`_`f in 1985. The program, distributed by isee systems (formerly High Performance Systems) allows users to run models created as graphical representations of a system using four fundamental building blocks. STELLA has been used in academia as a teaching tool and has been utilized in a variety of research and business applications. The program has received positive reviews, being praised in particular for its ease of use.`:cite-ref-costanza-3-0[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-costanza-3]`_`f]`:cite-ref-2vpls-4-0[`F5bf`_`[4`#cite-note-2vpls-4]`_`f]`:cite-ref-ithink-5-0[`F5bf`_`[5`#cite-note-ithink-5]`_`f]

>>Contents

• `F0af`_`[History`#history]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Functionality and features`#functionality-and-features]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Applications`#applications]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Education`#education]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Academia and commerce`#academia-and-commerce]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Reception`#reception]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[See also`#see-also]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Notes`#notes]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[References`#references]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Cited`#cited]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[External links`#external-links]`_`f

-─

>>History

While working at the `F33f`_`[Massachusetts Institute of Technology`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology]`_`f in the 1960s, `F33f`_`[Jay Wright Forrester`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Jay_Wright_Forrester]`_`f developed the earliest understanding of `F33f`_`[system dynamics`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=System_dynamics]`_`f which he argued could only be understood using models.`:cite-ref-doerr-6-0[`F5bf`_`[6`#cite-note-doerr-6]`_`f] `F33f`_`[Dartmouth College`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Dartmouth_College]`_`f systems science professor `F33f`_`[Barry Richmond`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Barry_Richmond]`_`f founded High Performance Systems in 1984.`:cite-ref-pr-7-0[`F5bf`_`[7`#cite-note-pr-7]`_`f] With the financial support of `F33f`_`[Analog Devices, Inc.`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Analog_Devices]`_`f and technical support from `F33f`_`[Apple Computer`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Apple_Computer]`_`f, he developed STELLA (short for Structural Thinking, Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation) at his company.`:cite-ref-peterson-8-0[`F5bf`_`[8`#cite-note-peterson-8]`_`f]`:cite-ref-footnotebossel1994213-9-0[`F5bf`_`[9`#cite-note-footnotebossel1994213-9]`_`f] He presented the prototype for the `F33f`_`[visual programming language`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Visual_programming_language]`_`f in 1985 at the `F33f`_`[System Dynamics Society`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=System_Dynamics_Society]`_`f's annual conference in a paper entitled "STELLA: Software for Bringing System Dynamics to the Other 98%".`:cite-ref-2vpls-4-1[`F5bf`_`[4`#cite-note-2vpls-4]`_`f]`:cite-ref-peterson-8-1[`F5bf`_`[8`#cite-note-peterson-8]`_`f]`:cite-ref-footnoterichmond-et-al-1987iv-10-0[`F5bf`_`[10`#cite-note-footnoterichmond-et-al-1987iv-10]`_`f]

Within that paper, Richmond mused on the study of system dynamics: "If this stuff really is so great, then why hasn't the field 'taken off'?"`:cite-ref-richmond98-11-0[`F5bf`_`[11`#cite-note-richmond98-11]`_`f] Steve Peterson, a colleague of Richmond's, reflected after his death in 2002 that Richmond held the belief that modeling was a tool everyone should be using and that that notion was reflected in Richmond's work.`:cite-ref-peterson-8-2[`F5bf`_`[8`#cite-note-peterson-8]`_`f] He quoted a 1994 paper in which Richmond described STELLA as "quite unique, quite powerful, and quite broadly useful as a way of thinking and or learning. It's also capable of being quite transparent–leveraging the way we learn biology, manage our businesses, or run our personal lives".`:cite-ref-peterson-8-3[`F5bf`_`[8`#cite-note-peterson-8]`_`f]

>>Functionality and features

STELLA's approach to modeling systems shares some similarities with a precursor, the `F33f`_`[DYNAMO`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=DYNAMO_(programming_language)]`_`f `F33f`_`[simulation language`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Simulation_language]`_`f. DYNAMO explicitly defined "stocks" (reservoirs) and "flows" (inputs and outputs) as key variables in a system, a vocabulary that STELLA shares.`:cite-ref-footnotebossel1994213-9-1[`F5bf`_`[9`#cite-note-footnotebossel1994213-9]`_`f] Within STELLA, users are presented with a `F33f`_`[graphical user interface`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Graphical_user_interface]`_`f in which they may create graphical models of a system using four fundamentals: stocks, flows, converters, and connectors.`:cite-ref-conveyors-13-0[`F5bf`_`[13`#cite-note-conveyors-13]`_`f] Relationships between converters (which convey transforming variables) and other elements may be drawn with converters. Users are able to input values for stocks, flows, and converters (including a variety of built-in functions).`:cite-ref-footnotehannon-ruth199713-14-0[`F5bf`_`[14`#cite-note-footnotehannon-ruth199713-14]`_`f] STELLA does not differentiate between external and intermediate variables within a system; all of them are represented with converters.`:cite-ref-footnotebossel1994216-15-0[`F5bf`_`[15`#cite-note-footnotebossel1994216-15]`_`f]

The software produces `F33f`_`[finite difference`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Finite_difference]`_`f equations that describe the graphical model and allows users to select a `F33f`_`[numerical analysis`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Numerical_analysis]`_`f method to apply to the system, either the `F33f`_`[Euler method`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Euler_method]`_`f or various `F33f`_`[Runge–Kutta methods`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Runge–Kutta_methods]`_`f (either second or fourth order).`:cite-ref-taffe-16-0[`F5bf`_`[16`#cite-note-taffe-16]`_`f] Before running a model, users may also specify a time step and runtime for the simulation.`:cite-ref-footnotehannon-ruth199714-17-0[`F5bf`_`[17`#cite-note-footnotehannon-ruth199714-17]`_`f] STELLA can output data in graphical or tabular forms.`:cite-ref-footnotebossel1994219-18-0[`F5bf`_`[18`#cite-note-footnotebossel1994219-18]`_`f]

STELLA runs one window at a time, meaning that only one model can be run at any given moment.`:cite-ref-2vpls-4-2[`F5bf`_`[4`#cite-note-2vpls-4]`_`f] The program's native file formats are denoted either by an `B100`F9d9.stm`f`b, `B100`F9d9.stmx`f`b, `B100`F9d9.itm`f`b, or `B100`F9d9.itmx`f`b `F33f`_`[filename extension`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Filename_extension]`_`f. STELLA also uses the emerging XML-based standard for storing models, XMILE.`:cite-ref-19[`F5bf`_`[19`#cite-note-19]`_`f] In 2012, two researchers released StellaR, software which can translate STELLA models into the `F33f`_`[R`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=R_(programming_language)]`_`f programming language.`:cite-ref-20[`F5bf`_`[20`#cite-note-20]`_`f]

>>Applications

>>>Education

Because of its simplicity relative to more complex modeling languages, STELLA has been cited as a useful tool in educational settings.`:cite-ref-doerr-6-1[`F5bf`_`[6`#cite-note-doerr-6]`_`f] Richmond derisively viewed most education as "assimilating content" and proposed systems thinking as a remedy to this.`:cite-ref-footnoterichmond20139-11-22-0[`F5bf`_`[22`#cite-note-footnoterichmond20139-11-22]`_`f]

In 1987, High Performance Systems released a guide to STELLA encouraging its use in academic settings`:cite-ref-footnoterichmond-et-al-1987245-246-23-0[`F5bf`_`[23`#cite-note-footnoterichmond-et-al-1987245-246-23]`_`f] and numerous textbooks have been published that teach modeling and systems thinking using the software.`:cite-ref-footnotehannon-ruth1997vi-24-0[`F5bf`_`[24`#cite-note-footnotehannon-ruth1997vi-24]`_`f]`:cite-ref-footnotebossel1994xv-25-0[`F5bf`_`[25`#cite-note-footnotebossel1994xv-25]`_`f] Sample exercises with STELLA include recreating the `F33f`_`[Daisyworld`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Daisyworld]`_`f model,`:cite-ref-footnotehannon-ruth1997357-26-0[`F5bf`_`[26`#cite-note-footnotehannon-ruth1997357-26]`_`f] simulating the `F33f`_`[Easter Island population crash`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=History_of_Easter_Island]`_`f,`:cite-ref-27[`F5bf`_`[27`#cite-note-27]`_`f] and modeling the protagonist's motivation throughout `F33f`_`[William Shakespeare`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=William_Shakespeare]`_`f's `*`F33f`_`[Hamlet`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Hamlet]`_`f`*.`:cite-ref-28[`F5bf`_`[28`#cite-note-28]`_`f]

A 2010 study of the efficacy of `F33f`_`[project-based learning`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Project-based_learning]`_`f upon a `F33f`_`[watershed`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Drainage_basin]`_`f-modeling project undertaken by 72 `F33f`_`[middle schoolers`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Middle_school]`_`f found that the addition of a STELLA modeling component in the project improved overall comprehension of the material over traditional methods, especially among female students who outperformed their male counterparts with the addition of STELLA.`:cite-ref-29[`F5bf`_`[29`#cite-note-29]`_`f]

>>>Academia and commerce

The software is also used in research settings. Among other projects, researchers have used STELLA to apply `F33f`_`[Hubbert peak theory`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Hubbert_peak_theory]`_`f to the `F33f`_`[Chinese coal supply`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Coal_in_China]`_`f,`:cite-ref-30[`F5bf`_`[30`#cite-note-30]`_`f] to model `F33f`_`[atrazine`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Atrazine]`_`f dynamics within agricultural lands,`:cite-ref-31[`F5bf`_`[31`#cite-note-31]`_`f] and to simulate the interactions between marine macroinvertebrates.`:cite-ref-32[`F5bf`_`[32`#cite-note-32]`_`f]

isee systems`:cite-ref-33[`F5bf`_`[a`#cite-note-33]`_`f] markets an identical software targeted at business consumers under the name iThink (previously STELLA for Business).`:cite-ref-ithink-5-1[`F5bf`_`[5`#cite-note-ithink-5]`_`f]`:cite-ref-footnotehannon-ruth19976-34-0[`F5bf`_`[33`#cite-note-footnotehannon-ruth19976-34]`_`f] iThink models have been applied to a variety of systems including manufacturing lines,`:cite-ref-conveyors-13-1[`F5bf`_`[13`#cite-note-conveyors-13]`_`f] hospital waste in developing nations,`:cite-ref-35[`F5bf`_`[34`#cite-note-35]`_`f] coordination between an emergency room and hospital beds,`:cite-ref-36[`F5bf`_`[35`#cite-note-36]`_`f] and competition in the home video market.`:cite-ref-ithink-5-2[`F5bf`_`[5`#cite-note-ithink-5]`_`f]

>>Reception

In a 1987 review of the program in `*`F33f`_`[BioScience`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=BioScience]`_`f`*, `F33f`_`[Robert Costanza`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Robert_Costanza]`_`f wrote that "STELLA is a solid program–well planned and executed–that breaks new ground."`:cite-ref-costanza-3-1[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-costanza-3]`_`f] He praised its ease of use as beneficial both to beginners interested in learning how to build models and experts who could use it to test components of more complex models.`:cite-ref-costanza-3-2[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-costanza-3]`_`f] A 1998 review of the program in the `*`F33f`_`[Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Bulletin_of_the_Ecological_Society_of_America]`_`f`* concurred that the program was easy to use, especially for beginning modelers, but noted its lack of model optimization tools and the ability to run only one window at a time as drawbacks.`:cite-ref-2vpls-4-3[`F5bf`_`[4`#cite-note-2vpls-4]`_`f]

Writing for `*`F33f`_`[Complexity`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Complexity_(journal)]`_`f`* in 1997, Benedikt Hallgrímsson found the program's accompanying manual to be overzealous in its promotion of `F33f`_`[systems theory`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Systems_theory]`_`f but cautioned that "the manual need not detract from what is otherwise a very well-thought-out and constructed program."`:cite-ref-37[`F5bf`_`[36`#cite-note-37]`_`f]

A 1991 review of iThink in `*Planning Review`* noted that the software's strength was in its low cost (the program retailed at around $450 (US$1,039 in 2024 dollars `:cite-ref-inflation-us-38-0[`F5bf`_`[37`#cite-note-inflation-us-38]`_`f]) and the vast number of possibilities allowed by its open-ended form.`:cite-ref-ithink-5-3[`F5bf`_`[5`#cite-note-ithink-5]`_`f]

>>See also

• `F33f`_`[Comparison of system dynamics software`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Comparison_of_system_dynamics_software]`_`f

>>Notes

`:cite-note-33`!a.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-33]`_`f High Performance Systems changed its name to isee systems in 2004.`:cite-ref-pr-7-1[`F5bf`_`[7`#cite-note-pr-7]`_`f]

>>References

`:cite-note-1`!1.`! "Feature updates". isee systems. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021.

`:cite-note-2`!2.`! "Software FAQs". isee systems. Archived from the original on November 28, 2020.

`:cite-note-costanza-3`!3.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-costanza-3-0]`_`f `:citerefcostanza1987`aCostanza, R. (February 1987). "Simulation Modeling on the Macintosh Using STELLA". `*BioScience`*. `!37`! (2): 129–132. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.2307/1310367. `F33f`_`[JSTOR`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=JSTOR_(identifier)]`_`f 1310367. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 56217107.

`:cite-note-2vpls-4`!4.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-2vpls-4-0]`_`f `:citerefcarter1998`aCarter, J. (October 1998). "Two Visual Programming Languages for Simulation Modeling: Stella 5.0 and Modelmaker 3.0". `*Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America`*. `!79`! (4): 237–239. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.2307/20168276. `F33f`_`[JSTOR`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=JSTOR_(identifier)]`_`f 20168276. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 62582639.

`:cite-note-ithink-5`!5.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-ithink-5-0]`_`f `:citerefsamzeliusmiller1991`aSamzelius, J. E.; Miller, S. E. (1991). "ithink: Animated Strategic Models on Your Desktop Computer". `*Planning Review`*. `!19`! (1): 32–34. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1108/eb054316.

`:cite-note-doerr-6`!6.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-doerr-6-0]`_`f `:citerefdoerr1996`aDoerr, H. M. (1996). "Stella ten years later: A review of the literature". `*International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning`*. `!1`! (2): 201–224. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1007/BF00571080. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 19428296.

`:cite-note-pr-7`!7.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-pr-7-0]`_`f "High Performance Systems, Inc. becomes isee systems" (PDF) (Press release). Lebanon, NH: isee systems. March 4, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2006. Retrieved March 1, 2016.

`:cite-note-peterson-8`!8.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-peterson-8-0]`_`f `:citerefpeterson2003`aPeterson, S. (July 2003). `*Barry Richmond, System Dynamics and Public Policy`* (PDF). 21st System Dynamics Conference. New York City. pp. 1–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2013. Retrieved February 29, 2016.

`:cite-note-footnotebossel1994213-9`!9.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-footnotebossel1994213-9-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Bossel 1994`#citerefbossel1994]`_`f, p. 213.

`:cite-note-footnoterichmond-et-al-1987iv-10`!10.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-footnoterichmond-et-al-1987iv-10-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Richmond et al. 1987`#citerefrichmond-et-al-1987]`_`f, p. iv.

`:cite-note-richmond98-11`!11.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-richmond98-11-0]`_`f `:citerefrichmond1985`aRichmond, B. (1985). `*STELLA: Software for Bringing System Dynamics to the Other 98%`* (PDF). The 3rd International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. Keystone, CO. pp. 706–718. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016.

`:cite-note-footnoterichmond-et-al-198785-97-12`!3.`! `F33f`_`[Richmond et al. 1987`#citerefrichmond-et-al-1987]`_`f, pp. 85–97.

`:cite-note-conveyors-13`!13.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-conveyors-13-0]`_`f `:citerefde-souzahuynhchandrashekarthevenard1996`ade Souza, R.; Huynh, R.; Chandrashekar, M.; Thevenard, D. (October 1996). `*A comparison of modelling paradigms for manufacturing line`*. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1996. Beijing. pp. 1253–1258. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1109/ICSMC.1996.571288.

`:cite-note-footnotehannon-ruth199713-14`!14.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-footnotehannon-ruth199713-14-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Hannon & Ruth 1997`#citerefhannon-ruth1997]`_`f, p. 13.

`:cite-note-footnotebossel1994216-15`!15.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-footnotebossel1994216-15-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Bossel 1994`#citerefbossel1994]`_`f, p. 216.

`:cite-note-taffe-16`!16.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-taffe-16-0]`_`f `:citereftaffe1991`aTaffe, W. J. (March 1991). `*Simulation and modelling with Stella: a general education course`*. 22nd SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education. San Antonio, TX. pp. 87–91. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1145/107005.107021.

`:cite-note-footnotehannon-ruth199714-17`!17.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-footnotehannon-ruth199714-17-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Hannon & Ruth 1997`#citerefhannon-ruth1997]`_`f, p. 14.

`:cite-note-footnotebossel1994219-18`!18.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-footnotebossel1994219-18-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Bossel 1994`#citerefbossel1994]`_`f, p. 219.

`:cite-note-19`!19.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-19]`_`f "XMILE – An open standard for system dynamics models". isee systems. 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2018.

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`:cite-note-footnoterichmond20139-11-22`!22.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-footnoterichmond20139-11-22-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Richmond 2013`#citerefrichmond2013]`_`f, pp. 9–11.

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`:cite-note-footnotebossel1994xv-25`!25.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-footnotebossel1994xv-25-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Bossel 1994`#citerefbossel1994]`_`f, p. xv.

`:cite-note-footnotehannon-ruth1997357-26`!26.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-footnotehannon-ruth1997357-26-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Hannon & Ruth 1997`#citerefhannon-ruth1997]`_`f, p. 357.

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`:cite-note-32`!32.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-32]`_`f `:citerefgertsevaschindlergertsevponomarev2004`aGertseva, V. V.; Schindler, J. E.; Gertsev, V. I.; Ponomarev, N. Y.; English, W. R. (August 2004). "A simulation model of the dynamics of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities". `*Ecological Modelling`*. `!176`! (1–2): 173–186. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.10.029.

`:cite-note-footnotehannon-ruth19976-34`!33.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-footnotehannon-ruth19976-34-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Hannon & Ruth 1997`#citerefhannon-ruth1997]`_`f, p. 6.

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>>>Cited

• `:citerefbossel1994`aBossel, H. (1994). `*Modeling and Simulation`*. Wellesley, MA: A K Peters. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1007/978-3-663-10822-1. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 978-1-56881-033-1.

• `:citerefhannon-ruth1997`aHannon, B.; Ruth, M. (1997). `*Modeling Dynamic Systems`*. New York City: Springer-Verlag. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 978-0-387-94850-8.

• `:citerefrichmond-et-al-1987`aRichmond, B.; Peterson, S.; Vescuso, P. (1987). `*An Academic User's Guide to STELLA`*. Lyme, NH: High Performance Systems.

• `:citerefrichmond2013`aRichmond, B. (2013). `*An Introduction to Systems Thinking, STELLA`*. Lebanon, NH: isee systems. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 978-0-9704921-1-1.

>>External links

• Official website

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